UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA    PUBLICATIONS 

COLLEG-E    OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 


NEW  METHODS  OF  GRAFTING  AND  BUDDING  VINES 


By  E.  H.  TW1GHT. 


Riparia  Gloire  de  Montpellier. 
Rupestris  St.  George.  Solonis. 


BULLETIN     NO.    146 


BERKELEY:  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
November,  1902 


Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  President  of  the  University. 

EXPERIMENT  STATION  STAFF. 

E.  W.  Hilgard,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Director  and  Chemist. 

E.  J.  Wickson,  M.A.,  Horticulturist,  and  Superintendent  of  Central  Station 
Grounds. 

W.  A.  Setchell,  Ph.D.,  Botanist. 

R.  H.  Loughridge,  Ph.D.,  Agricultural  Geologist  and  Soil  Physicist.  (Soils  and 
Alkali.) 

C.  W.  Woodworth,  M.S.,  Entomologist. 

*M.  E.  Jaffa,  M.S.,  Assistant  Chemist.     (Foods,  Fertilizers.) 

G.  W.  Shaw,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Chemist.     (Soils,  Beet-Sugar.) 

George  E.  Colby,  M.S.,  Assistant  Chemist.     (Fruits,  Waters,  Insecticides.) 

Leroy  Anderson,  M.S. A.,  Animal  Industries,  San  Luis  Obispo. 

A.  R.  Ward,  B.S.A.,  D.V.M.,  Veterinarian,  Bacteriologist. 

E.  H.  Twight,  B.Sc,  Diplome  E.A.M.,  Viticulturist. 

E.  W.  Major,  B.Agr.,  Dairy  Husbandry. 

A.  V.  Stubenrauch,  M.S.,  Assistant  Horticulturist  and  Superintendent  of  Sub- 
stations. 

*J.  Burtt  Davy,  Assistant  Botanist. 

H.  M.  Hall,  M.S.,  Assistant  Botanist. 

C.  A.  Triebel,  Ph.G.,  Student  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Laboratory. 

C.  A.  Colmore,  B.S,,  Clerk  to  the  Director. 


Emil  Kellner,  Foreman  of  Central  Station  Grounds. 

John  Touhy,  Patron,  ]   _  .        Q  ,    .  m  . 

_  _  >  Tulare  Substation,  Tulare. 

Julius  Forrer,  Foreman,  j 

R.  C.  Rust,  Patron,  }    _.     .....  _  ,    .  T     . 

„       '  '  >■  Foothill  Substation,  Jackson. 

John  H.  Barber,  Foreman,  J 

'  „'  '    ,TT        '        .       ,  V  Coast  Range  Substation,  Paso  Robles. 

J.  H.  Ooley,  Workman  in  charge,] 

S.  N.  Androus,  Patron,)    a      ,.  _  ...       .     Q  ,    .    ,.  (  Pomona. 

*    w    ,,  J  r  Southern  California  Substation,    <    _.    ,     . 

J.  W.  Mills,  Foreman,  J  (  Ontario. 

V.  C.  Richards,  Patron,  )    _  a.  n.  . 

m    „     _  .  >•   Forestry  Station,  Chico. 

T.  L.  Bohlender,  in  charge,] 

Roy  Jones,  Patron,       )    _  a.   ,.        a  ... 

'    _  >■  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica. 

Wm.  Shutt,  Foreman,  ) 


*  Absent  on  leave. 


The  Station  publications  (Reports  and  Bulletins)  will  be  sent  to  any  citizen 
of  the  State  on  application,  so  long  as  available. 


NEW  METHODS  OF  GRAFTING  AND  BUDDING  APPLIED 

TO  THE  RE-ESTABLISHMENT  OF  VINEYARDS 

WITH  AMERICAN  VINES. 


When  two  branches  or  stems  of  closely  related  plants,  growing  side 
by  side  in  a  forest,  overlap  and  touch  each  other,  the  bark  becomes 
brnised  and  abraded.  In  such  cases  the  sap  exuding"  from  the 
alburnum  frequently  produces  a  pad  or  callus  by  which  incorporation 
or  knitting  takes  place  and  the  parts  become  one.  From  this  obser- 
vation the  idea  of  creating  artificial  wounds  to  obtain  a  graft  probably 
originated. 

Grafting  above  ground  was  a  common  practice  in  the  vineyards  of 
the  Romans,  and  their  authors  describe  them  carefully,  while  they 
hardly  mention  the  underground  graft.  But  for  some  reason,  until 
recently  most  of  these  grafts  tried  upon  the  vines  in  modern  times 
have  failed.  In  the  last  ten  years  persistent  efforts  and  successful 
experimentation  in  Europe  have  brought  the  discovery  of  new  processes 
that  have  been  very  successful,  and  their  use  tends  to  become  widely 
spread,  though  a  few  years  ago  the  best  authorities  on  viticulture 
condemned  them. 

Green  Cleft  Graft. 

This  graft  is  used  a  great  deal  in  Hungary;  it  is  an  ordinary  cleft 
graft  made  on  the  green  shoots  of  very  young  vines.  The  shoot  used 
as  stock  is  cut  between  the  second  and  third  leaves  (a-a)  counting 
from  the  apex,  and  one  and  one-half  to  two  inches  above  the  third 
leaf.  The  latter  is  pinched  at  b-b.  The  scion  is  a  similar  shoot,  the 
leaves  of  which  are  pinched.  The  ligature  used  is  wool  or  raffia,  and 
must  be  removed  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  cramp  the  joint.  This  graft 
necessitates  the  decapitation  of  the  stock,  and  is  exposed  to  drying; 
and  though  used  successfully  on  some  vineyards  of  Hungary,  it  might 
not  do  as  well  in  our  drier  climate. 

Horwath  Graft. 

The  Horwath  graft  (Fig.  2)  consists  in  inserting  a  scion  bud  in 
the  place  of  an  eye  of  the  stock;  it  is  commonly  used  on  fruit  trees, 
but  the  excision  of  the  bud  on  a  vine  cannot  be  done  in  the  same  way, 
because  of  the  considerable  protuberance  existing  at  each  node.  The 
following  method  was  adopted  by  Horwath : 


4  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION. 


f: 


Fig.  1. 
green  cleft  graft. 


Fig.  2. 
borwatb  graft. 


NEW  METHODS  OF  GRAFTING  AND  BUDDING, 


5 


A  circular  incision,  penetrating  the  whole  depth  of  the  bark,  is 
made  i-inch  above  and  another  the  same  distance  below  the  bud  (a,  b) ; 
then  on  the  right  and  left  of  the  bud  two  longitudinal  parallel  incisions 
are  made,  joining  the  annular  incisions.  The  bud  thus  prepared  (c) 
should  be  placed  on  a  shoot  of  as  nearly  as  possible  the  same  diameter 
as  that  from  which  it  wTas  taken.  But  the  indispensable  point,  which 
marks  the  difference  between  ordinary  budding  and  Professor  Hor- 
wath's  method,  is  that  the  bud  must  be  placed  or  inserted  in  place  of 
another  bud  on  a  node. 

The  green  shoot  to  be  used  as  stock  having  been  chosen,  and  on 
the  latter  the  bud  where  the  graft  is  to  be  made  determined,  the  leaf 
on  that  node  is  removed  (c) .  Two  semi-annular  incisions  are  made 
(a',  &')  at  the  same  dis- 
tances as  on  the  scion,  and 
a  single  longitudinal  cut  is 
made  passing  through  the 
bark,  dividing  the  petiole  in 
two  and  joining  the  annu- 
lar incisions.  Then  with 
the  spatula  of  the  grafting 
knife  the  bark  is  lifted  on 
both  sides  so  as  to  form  two 
flaps,  as  in  ordinary  bud- 
ding. The  flaps  being  open, 
the  scion  is  inserted  (d) , 
the  flaps  brought  over  it 
and  the  joint  ligated.  A 
fortnight  or  twenty  days 
after,  this  is  cut  off.  This 
graft  has  given  good  results , 
but  is  a  lengthy  and  delicate 
operation . 

Salgues  Graft. 

The  Salgues graft  (Figs. 
3  and  4)  consists  of  fixing 
on  a  green  shoot  of  the  year 
an  elliptic  scion  or  shield 
carrying  a  bud  at  its  cen- 
ter. It  is  budding,  but  so 
modified  as  to  be  consid- 
ered a  new  method;  the  grafts  obtained 
invisible  except  for  a  slight  swelling. 


a  b 

Fig.  3; 

SALGUES    GRAFT.       {OHgwdl.) 

are  perfect  and  the  joints 


b  UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

On  any  internode  of  the  shoot  to  be  grafted  a  longitudinal  incision 
(Fig.  3,  a)  is  made  with  the  grafting  knife,  penetrating  the  whole 
depth  of  the  bark  and  about  the  length  of  the  shield;  with  the  haft  of 
the  grafting  knife  the  bark  is  raised  on  both  sides  of  the  slit;  the 
shoot  is  then  bent  inwards  and  the  lips  of  the  slit  open  easily  (Fig.  3,  b) . 
The  scion  bud  is  inserted  and  the  shoot  is  left  to  spring  up  into  its 
former  position.  The  scion  bud  is  then  compressed  by  the  bark,  and 
the  operation  is  completed  by  tying.  The  ligature  should  be  removed 
a  fortnight  or  twenty  days  afterwards. 


* 


a  b  c 

Fig.  4. 
salgues  graft.     views  of  scion  bud—  (a)  side,  (6)  front, 

(c)    BACK. 

In  order  that  the  Salgues  graft  may  be  a  success,  it  is  necessary, 
first,  that  the  stock  should  be  in  full  sap,  so  that  the  lips  of  the  slit 
may  be  easily  raised;  secondly,  that  the  scion  bud  should  be  carefully 
selected. 

When  a  green  shoot  is  cut  longitudinally  on  its  entire  length, 
different  colorations  may  be  noticed  along  the  section;  towards  the 
apex  the  shoot  has  not  yet  begun  to  lignify,  and  the  section  is  almost 
uniformly  green  in  color,  only  slightly  deeper  above  and  below  each 
node.     The  diaphragm  of  these  <';in  only  be  detected  at  the  second  or 


NEW  METHODS  OF  GRAFTING  AND  BUDDING. 


third  node  (counting  from  the  top)  by  a  slightly  lighter  color. 
Downwards  the  diaphragm  becomes  more  distinct;  finally,  still  lower, 
the  pith  begins  to  be  indicated  by  a  whitish  tint;  the  scion  bud  should 
be  taken  only  from  the  buds  in  which  the  diaphragm  is  already  well 
apparent,  but  on  the  part  of  the  shoot  where  the  white  pith  is  not 
noticeable.     Each  shoot  will  thus  give  two  or  three  good  eyes. 

In  practice,  when  one  tries  to  bend  a  young  vine-shoot  there  is  no 
resistance  at  the  top;  then  lower  down  it  resists,  and  still  lower  down 
it  does  not  bend  but  breaks.  When  the  fingers  can  easily  bend  the 
shoot  and  feel  a  slight  resistance,  one  is  sure  that  the  bud  in  that 
region,  together  with  the  one  above  and  the  one  below,  are  suitable 
for  budding.  It  is  necessary  to  tie  the  grafted  shoots  to  a  stake,  as 
they  are  thus  better  protected  and  do  not  dry  out  as  easily  as  when 
close  to  the  ground.  This  graft  is  simple,  gives  perfect  union,  and  is 
getting  to  be  very  generally  used.  It  is  of  great  value  in  reestablish- 
ing vineyards  on  resistant  stock. 

The  Salgues  graft  may  be  performed  on  mother  stocks  of  American 
vines  through  the  summer  as  shoots  develop;  one  can  bud  sixteen 
inches  apart  on  the  canes  with  the  object  of  obtaining  grafted  cut- 
tings for  the  next  season.  We  have 
seen  contracts  given  out  for  this  work 
for  $6  a  1000  knitted  grafts. 

Besson  Graft. 

As  stated  above,  the  Salgues 
scion-bud  is  grafted  on  the  internode 
of  the  shoot.  The  Besson  graft 
(Fig.  5)  like  that  of  Horwath,  is 
inserted  on  the  node  itself;  but  while 
the  method  of  the  Hungarian  viticult- 
urist  is  a  true  budding,  that  of  Besson 
is  an  inlaying. 

This  graft  is  made  in  spring,  at 
the  same  time  as  the  ordinary  bench 
graft.  A  special  pair  of  shears  is 
used,  with  curved  blades  perpen- 
dicular to  the  handle;  it  cuts  and 
lifts  the  bud,  the  same  operation 
being  made  on  the  stock  and  scion 
canes.  The  lateral  portion  detached  must  be  a  little  under  one-half  of 
the  thickness  of  the  shoot;  the  cut  is  regularly  curved  and  concave, 
and  about  one  inch  long. 


Fig.  5. 

BESSON   GRAFT. 

{Rev.  de  Fit.,  1894.) 


O  UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

On  the  stock,  the  second  eye, counting  from  the  top  of  the  cutting, 
is  cut  out;  while  for  the  scion  any  one  of  the  eyes  on  the  cane  is  used. 
The  scion-bud  fits  perfectly,  as  it  is  the  same  blade  that  makes  the  two 
cuts.  The  cuttings  to  be  grafted  should  be  sixteen  inches  in  length 
their  top  being  limited  by  a  bud  cut  half-way  through.  The  graft  is 
tied  with  raffia,  as  in  other  bench  grafts.  So  far,  this  graft  tried  on 
green  shoots  has  not  been  a  success,  but  on  the  ripe  canes  the  results 
have  been  very  good  and  the  quality  of  the  knitting  is  specially  good. 


Clarac  Graft. 

In  the  Clarac  graft  (Figs.  6  and  7) ,  as  in  the  Besson  graft,  a  bud  is 
substituted  for  another  bud,  but  the  process  differs  in  many  points. 
To  prepare  the  stock  an  incision  is  made  an  eighth  of  an  inch  above  a 
bud  (Fig.  6,  a)  and  the  incision  is  continued  in  a  straight  section 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  cane,  penetrating  one-third  of  the  diameter; 
the  cut  is  stopped  when  the  length  is  a  little  over  the  width  of  the  blade 


Fig.  C. 

CLARAC  GRAFT. 

under  the  the  base  of  the  bud  (Fig.  6,  h) .  The  blade  is  removed, 
laid  flat  on  the  cane  immediately  under  the  base  of  the  bud,  in  order 
to  indicate  by  the  width  of  the  blade  the  point  where  the  new  trans- 
verse and  oblique  incision  is  to  be  made,  to  prevent  the  first  section 
from  spreading  and  to  make  a  strong  notch  for  the  scion  to  rest 
upon  (Fig.  6,  c). 

The  scion-bud  is  obtained  in  the  same  way,  placed  on  the  stock  and 
tied. 


NEW  METHODS  OF  GRAFTING  AND  BUDDING.  9 

Another  way  of  making  the  Clarac  graft  consists  in  not  removing 
the  bnd  on  the  stock,  only  the  longitudinal  cut  being  made.  The 
scion-bud  is  made  in  the  same  way  but  with  a  longer  bevel;  it  is 
inserted  in  the  slit  prepared  on  the  stock  and  tied.  The  bud  left  on 
the  stock  constitutes  a  sap  drawer,  which  facilitates  the  knitting  of  the 
scion-bud.     When  knitting  has  taken  place  the  stock  bud  is  removed. 


P'ig.  7. 

CLARAC  GRAFT:    METHOD  WHERE  BUD  IS  LEFT  ON  STOCK. 

(B.  de  Fit.,  1894.) 

The  second  method  is  more  rapid.  In  both  cases  the  ligature  must 
be  cut  away  three  weeks  after  being  made.  Both  methods  have  been 
successful. 


10 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION. 


Massabie  Graft. 

This  is  practically  the  same  as  the  Besson  graft,  but  the  scion-bud 
is  cut  with  a  special  pair  of  shears. 

Vouzou  Graft. 

The  Vouzou  graft  (Figs.  8  and  9)  is  a  Salgues  graft  made  with  an 

old  scion-bud.  On  a  smooth  part  of 
the  stock  above  ground  a  T-shaped 
incision  is  made  through  the  bark, 
and  the  sides  are  raised  with  the  haft 
of  the  grafting  knife. 

The  scion  is  taken  from  a  cane  of 
the  previous  year's  growth  before  the 
eyes  start  to  burst  in  the  spring,  and 
preserved  in  sand  until  the  time  of 
grafting.  The  bud  should  be  well 
constituted  and  healthy,  but  need  not 
be  at  a  particular  state  of  development, 
as  in  the  Salgues  graft.  The  scion- 
bud  is  cut  out  as  is  done  for  fruit 
trees,  but  under  the  eye  a  thickness  of 
wood  is  left  reaching  to  the  pith ;  and 
even  a  little  of  the  latter  may  be  left. 
This  will  give  a  scion  about  one  inch 
long,  with  the  inside  section  nearly 
flat.  The  bud  is  inserted  and  tied  in 
the  usual  way.  To  insure  knitting 
the  shoots  of  the  stock  must  be  pinched 
short;  the  tie  is  cut  one  month  after. 
This  graft  may  be  made  during 
the  whole  period  during  which  the 
sap  is  circulating,  and  when  the 
bark  is  detachable  from  the  wood. 
The  Vouzou  graft  has  been  very 
successful;  75  to  85  per  cent,  of 
"takes"  have  commonly  been  ob- 
tained, and  in  one  instance  the  suc- 
cess of  95  per  cent  was  publicly 
demonstrated.     It    is  a  simple    graft 

and  gives  a  perfect  union.     In  case  of  failure  it  is  easy  to  repeat  it 

the  same  season. 


Fig.  8. 

AN  ORDINARY  METHOD  OF  BUD- 
DING ON  A  VINE  CANE.  (a)  SLIT 
BEFORE  BUD  IS  INSERTED,  (&) 
SAME  AFTER  INSERTION  OF  SCION- 
BUD.      (Original.) 


NEW  METHODS  OP  GRAFTING  AND  BUDDING, 


11 


Fig.  9. 

same  as  8  magnified.     the  tying  of  buds  has  been  made 
without  using  the  foil. 
{Rev.  de  Fit.,  1895.) 


MEANS    OF  INSURING  THE    SUCCESS    OF  HERBACEOUS    GRAFTS. 


Selection  of  shoots  bearing  buds  for  scions. — We  should  always 
choose  branches  growing  from  eyes  which  would  have  normally 
remained  dormant  till  the  following  season,  in  preference  to  branches 
growing  from  buds  bursting  out  normally.  Shoots  of  medium  or 
rather  small  diameter  are  to  be  preferred.  These  shoots  will  furnish 
the  scion-buds  which  are  to  be  grafted  on  the  old  wood.  The  diameter 
of  the  shoot  from  which  the  scion-bud  is  cut  must  always  be  a  little 
smaller  than  the  diameter  of  those  upon  which  it  is  to  be  grafted. 
The  best  shoot  is  that  developed  in  the  shade;  branches  exposed  to 
direct  sunlight  must  always  be  rejected;  the  shoot  should  be  light 
.green  in  color,  but  not  yellow. 

The  petioles  of  the  leaves  of  the  shoot  should  be  of  a  whitish-green 
color,  even  a  little  pinkish,  slightly  transparent  at  the  point  of  junc- 
tion with  the  limb.  Shoots  bearing  leaves  with  deep  green  or  reddish 
petioles  should  be  rejected.  The  eyes  of  the  extremity  and  base  of 
the  shoots,  together  with  those  placed  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  having 
a  very  slender  or  very  long  petiole  should  not  be  used. 


12 


UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION. 


Preparation  of  Scion-Buds. 

The  whole  of  the  petiole  and  part  of  the  limb  of  the  leaf  should  be 
left  when  the  leaf  is  pinched;  if  the  petiole  is  cut  shorter  the  bud 
dries  out.  The  same  bud  may  be  made  with  sap-wood  or  with  half 
sap-wood,  the  latter  is  by  far  the  best. 

Scion  with  Sap-wood.  —  (a,  b,  c,  Fig.  9;  a,  />,  c,  Fig.  4).  To  cut 
out  the  shields,  the  shoot  is  held  with  the  left  hand,  the  first  finger 
being  under  the  bud;  the  cut  is  begun  with  the  base  the  grafting 
knife  half  an  inch  below  the  bud;  and  while  cutting,  the  knife  blade 
is  drawn  in  such  a  way  that  the  end  of  the  grafting  knife  will  corre- 
spond with  the  end  of  the  section,  half  an  inch  below  the  bud,  when 
finished.  This  shield  will  be  about  li  inches  long,  and  as  it  will  have 
a  chipped  edge,  it  is  advisable  to  smooth  it  down,  which  will  reduce  it 
to  about  one  inch.  The  scion-bud  is  then  rather  thick  in  the  center 
and  the  ends  are  pointed  bevels.  The  sap-wood  of  the  shield  does  not 
knit,  therefore  it  is  advisable  to  diminish  its  surface. 

Scion  with  Half  Sap-wood. — This  is  far  superior  to  the  above.  The 
cut  is  started  in  the  same  way  (a,  Fig.  10),  but  the  knife  is  drawn 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  cane,  as  in  &,  Fig.  6.  Drawing  the  blade 
out  the  transversal  section  bb  (Fig.  10)  is  made  cutting  through  the 
bark  only. 

The  bud  is  seized  between  the  thumb  and  first  finger  of  the  right 
hand  and  lifted  (c)  and  pulled  back  (d) .     As  the  transverse  cut  only 


Fig.  10. 
preparing  a  half  sap-wood  scion- bud. 


goes  through  the  bark,  in  lifting  the  bud  a  tongue  of  sap-wood 
remains  attached  to  the  cane  (d)  and  adheres  to  the  scion-bud.  When 
we  lift  this  up  it  breaks  off  level  with  the  bud,  leaving  a  two-pronged 
fork    (e,    Fig.    10).     If  the  fork   is    not    formed,  the  bud  should  be 


NEW  METHODS  OF  GRAFTING  AND  BUDDING.  13 

rejected,  as  it  is  not  ripe  enough.  It  is  hard  to  explain  this  mode  of 
operating,  but  it  is  really  easy  in  practice. 

Making  the  Slit  on  the  Stock. — On  one-  or  two-year-old  canes,  the 
slit  should  be  made  on  the  rounded  part  where  the  bark  is  thicker  and 
will  protect  better  against  desication.  However,  if  the  scion-bud  has 
a  little  sap-wood  attached,  it  is  better  to  place  it  on  the  flat  side.  On 
old  wood  the  bark  is  so  thin  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  lift  it  off. 

Ligatures. — The  best  are  made  out  of  lead  or  tinfoil  tied  with  raffia 
or  cotton.  The  foil  is  cut  into  pieces  three-quarters  to  one  inch  wide 
and  two  to  three  inches  long. 

Arrangement  of  Mother  Stock. — All  shoots  of  American  stock  may 
be  readily  budded;  that  is  to  say  a  person  can  place  on  a  vigorous 
cane  from  ten  to  twenty  buds  and  obtain  the  next  season  from  one 
vigorous  mother  vine  100  to  150  grafted  cuttings.  Long  experience 
has  shown  that  to  obtain  these  results  it  is  necessary  to  arrange  the 
stocks  in  the  following  manner: 

Stakes  about  six  or  eight  feet  high  are  erected  ten  to  fifteen  feet 
apart.  As  soon  as  the  shoots  of  the  mother  stock  are  about  twenty 
inches  in  length,  eight  to  twelve  are  preserved  and  the  balance  dis- 
budded. The  shoots  are  tied  up  in  V-shape  as  soon  as  hard  enough, 
all  auxiliary  buds  and  tendrils  being  removed ;  this  is  repeated  three 
times  in  the  season.  The  even  numbered  shoots  are  tied  up  on  one 
side  and  those  of  odd  numbers  on  the  other;  this  facilitates  the  bud- 
ding and  collecting  of  the  knitted  cuttings;  twice  the  amount  of 
wood  fit  to  be  budded  is  obtained  in  this  way.  On  an  experimental 
plot  one  hundred  4-year-old  Riparia  were  trellised  and  as  many  left 
without  trellising.  The  first  gave  an  average  of  175  feet,  the  latter 
75  feet  of  wood  suitable  for  budding. 

Gathering  and  Keeping  the  Budded  Cuttings. — We  should  wait  until 
the  leaves  have  fallen  off  before  gathering  the  cuttings;  they  should 
be  cut  off  on  the  spot;  the  whole  cane  should  not  be  cut  off  and 
then  the  cuttings  be  removed  later,  as  they  are  apt  to  be  bruised  if 
treated  thus.  As  the  cuttings  are  gathered,  the  eyes  of  the  stock  are 
removed,  excising  them  with  a  grafting  knife  as  closely  as  possible; 
those  where  the  buds  have  missed  may  be  kept  to  be  bench- grafted  the 
next  spring.  The  good  ones  are  placed  in  cases,  in  layers  separated 
by  fresh  moss  or  moist  straw.  A  lid  is  placed  on  the  box  and  the 
cases  are  placed  in  a  closed,  dry,  frost-proof  room,  and  kept  until 
planted.  Then  the  boxes  are  taken  out  to  the  nursery,  the  cuttings 
taken  out  one  by  one,  and  their  upper  end  freshened  with  a  grafting 
knife  (not  shears),  three-fourths  to  one  inch  being  removed  at  each 
end.     The  cut  end  is  then  coated  with  tar. 


